Psychological Tests

Personality assessment is perhaps more an art form than a science. In an attempt to make it as objective and standardized as possible, generations of clinicians came up with psychological tests and structured interviews. These are administered under comparable conditions and use identical stimuli to elicit information from respondents. Thus, any disparity within the responses with the subjects can and is attributed to the idiosyncrasies of their personalities.

Furthermore, the majority of tests restrict the repertory of permitted of answers. “True” or “false” are the only allowed reactions to the questions in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II (MMPI-II), for instance. Scoring or keying the results is also an automatic process wherein all “true” responses get one or more points on one or more scales and all “false” responses get none. This limits the involvement of the diagnostician to the interpretation of the test results (the scale scores). Admittedly, interpretation could well be more essential than data gathering. Thus, undoubtedly biased human input cannot and isn’t avoided in the process of personality assessment and evaluation. Nevertheless its pernicious effect is sort of reined in by the systematic and impartial nature of the underlying instruments (tests).

Still, rather than depend on one questionnaire and its interpretation, most practitioners administer to the same topic a battery of tests and structured interviews. These often vary in important aspects: their response formats, stimuli, procedures of administration, and scoring methodology. Furthermore, to be able to establish a test’s reliability, many diagnosticians administer it repeatedly over time to the same client. If the interpreted outcomes are more or less the same, the test is stated to be dependable.

The outcomes of numerous tests must fit in with each other. Put together, they must offer a uniform and coherent picture. If one test yields readings that are continuously at odds with the conclusions of other questionnaires or interviews, it may not be legitimate. Quite simply, it may not be measuring what it claims to be measuring.

Therefore, a test quantifying one’s grandiosity should conform to the scores of tests which measure reluctance to admit failings or tendency to present a socially desirable and inflated facade (“False Self”). If a grandiosity test is positively related to irrelevant, conceptually independent traits, like intelligence or depression, it doesn’t render it valid.

The majority of tests are either objective or projective. The psychologist George Kelly provided this tongue-in-cheek definition of both in a 1958 article titled “Man’s construction of his alternatives” (included in the book “The Assessment of Human Motives”, edited by G.Lindzey):

“When the subject is asked to guess what the examiner is thinking, we call it an objective test; when the examiner tries to guess what the subject is thinking, we call it a projective device.”

The scoring of objective tests is computerized (no human input). Examples of such standardized instruments consist of the MMPI-II, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II. Obviously, a human lastly gleans the meaning of the data gathered by these questionnaires. Interpretation ultimately depends on the knowledge, training, experience, skills, and natural gifts of the therapist or diagnostician.

Projective tests are far less structured and thus a lot more ambiguous. As L. K.Frank observed in a 1939 article titled “Projective methods for the study of personality”:

“(The patient’s responses to such tests are projections of his) way of seeing life, his meanings, signficances, patterns, and particularly his feelings.”

In projective tests, the responses are not constrained and scoring is carried out exclusively by humans and involves judgment (and, therefore, a modicum of bias). Clinicians rarely agree on the same interpretation and frequently use competing methods of scoring, yielding disparate results. The diagnostician’s personality comes into prominent play. The best known of these “tests” is the Rorschach set of inkblots.

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